Hayatan Tayyibah

• How bad is the problem?
  • The United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy and births in the western industrialized world. Teen pregnancy costs the United States at least $7 billion annually.¹
  • More than 4 out of 10 young women become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20—nearly one million a year.² Eight in ten of these pregnancies are unintended³ and 80 percent are to unmarried teens⁴.
  • The teen birth rate has declined slowly but steadily from 1991 to 1996 with an overall decline of 12 percent for those aged 15 to 19. These recent declines reverse the 24-percent rise in the teenage birth rate from 1986 to 1991. The largest decline since 1991 by race was for black women. The birth rate for black teens aged 15 to 19 fell 21 percent between 1991 to 1996. Hispanic teen birth rates declined 5 percent between 1995 and 1996. The rates of both Hispanics and blacks, however, remain higher than for other groups. Hispanic teens now have the highest teenage birth rates. In addition, despite the recent declines in teen birth rates in general, the overall teen birth birth rate for 1996 is still higher than it was in the early to mid 1980s when the rate was at its lowest point. Also, most teenagers giving birth before 1980 were married whereas most teens giving birth today are unmarried. For more detail, including state by state rates, visit the web page of the National Center for Health Statistics.⁵
  • The younger a sexually experienced teenaged girl is, the more likely she is to have had unwanted or non-voluntary sex. Close to four in ten girls who had first intercourse at 13 or 14 report it was either non-voluntary or unwanted.⁶
• Who suffers the consequences?
  • Teen mothers are less likely to complete high school, (only one-third receive a high school diploma)⁷ and more likely to end up on welfare (nearly 80 percent of unmarried teen mothers end up on welfare).⁸
  • The children of teenage mothers have lower birth weights⁹, are more likely to perform poorly in school¹⁰, and are at greater risk of abuse and neglect.¹¹
  • The sons of teen mothers are 13 percent more likely to end up in prison while teen daughters are 22 percent more likely to become teen mothers themselves.¹²
• What helps prevent teen pregnancy?
  • The primary reason that teenage girls who have never had intercourse give for abstaining from sex is that having sex would be against their religious or moral values. Other reasons cited include desire to avoid pregnancy, fear of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and not having met the appropriate partner.¹³ Three of four girls and over half of boys report that girls who have sex do so because their boyfriends want them to.¹⁴
  • Teenagers who have strong emotional attachments to their parents are much less likely to become sexually active at an early age.¹⁵
  • Teens who have been raised by both parents (biological or adoptive) from birth, have lower probabilities of having sex than teens who grew up in any other family situation. At age 16, 22 percent of girls from intact families and 44 percent of other girls have had sex at least once.¹⁶ Similarly, teens from intact, two-parent families are less likely to give birth in their teens than girls from other family backgrounds.¹⁷

ENDNOTES

1. National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (1997). Whatever Happened to Childhood? The Problem of Teen Pregnancy in the United States. Washington, DC: Author.
2. Analysis of Henshaw, S.K., U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics, New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute, May, 1996; and Forest, J.D., Proportion of U.S. Women Ever Pregnant Before Age 20, New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1986, unpublished.
3. Henshaw, S.K. (1998). Unintended Pregnancy in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives, 30(1):24-29, 46. Based on data from the 1982, 1988, and 1995 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, supplemented by data from other sources.
4. National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (1997). Whatever Happened to Childhood? The Problem of Teen Pregnancy in the United States. Washington, DC: Author.
5. Ventura, S.J., Curtin, S.C., & Mathews, T.J. (1998). Teenage births in the United States; National and State trends, 1990-1996. National Vital Statistics System. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics.
6. Moore, K.A., & Driscoll, A. (1997). Partners, Predators, Peers, Protectors: Males and Teen Pregnancy. In Not Just for Girls: The Roles of Boys and Men in Teen Pregnancy (pp. 5-10). Washington, DC. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
7. Maynard, R.A., (Ed.). (1996). Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing, New York: Robin Hood Foundation.
8. Calculations based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-1985) in Congressional Budget Office. (1990, September). Sources of Support for Adolescent Mothers. Washington, DC:Author.
9. Wolfe, B., & Perozek, M. (1997). Teen Children’s Health and Health Care Use. In R.A. Maynard (Ed..), Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy,(pp. 181-203). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
10. Maynard, R.A., (Ed.). (1996). Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing, New York: Robin Hood Foundation.
11. George, R.M., & Lee, B.J. (1997). Abuse and Neglect of Children. In R.A. Maynard (Ed.), Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy (pp. 205-230). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
12. Maynard, R.A. (Ed.). (1996). Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report On the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing. New York: Robin Hood Foundation. See also Haveman, R.H., Wolfe, B., & Peterson, E. (1997). Children of Early Childbearers as Young Adults. In R.A. Maynard (Ed.), Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy (pp. 257-284). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
13. Moore, K.A., Driscoll, A.K., & Lindberg, L.D. (1998). A Statistical Portrait of Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
14. EDK Associates for Seventeen magazine and the Ms. Foundation for Women. (1996). Teenagers Under Pressure.
15. Blum, R.W., & Rinehart, P.M. (1997). Reducing the Risk: Connection That Make a Difference in the Lives of Youth. Minneapolis, MN: Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota.
16. Moore, K.A., Driscoll, A.K., & Lindberg, L.D. (1998). A Statistical Portrait of Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
17. Moore, K.A., Driscoll, A.K., & Lindberg, L.D. (1998). A Statistical Portrait of Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.